Water, a cornerstone of economic growth, is vital for sustaining agriculture, powering industries, fostering technological advancements, and, more importantly, sustaining life. As the essential catalyst for prosperity, a reliable water supply is indispensable, shaping the foundation for thriving economies and vibrant communities. In Gujarat’s narrative of water resilience, the intrinsic link between water and economic advancement takes center stage, showcasing the profound impact of sustainable water management on the state’s growth trajectory.
Two decades ago, Gujarat confronted formidable challenges marked by recurrent droughts, conflicts arising from water scarcity, and heavy dependence on arrangements such as trains and tankers to fulfill essential drinking water requirements. This persistent water shortage had a cascading effect on crucial sectors like agriculture, dairy, and industry, resulting in substantial economic losses.
Gujarat underwent a transformative phase post-2000, adopting a multifaceted approach to combat water scarcity. Key strategies included interbasin water transfers, the establishment of the State Water Grid, and an emphasis on community participation. In recent years, the state also prioritised exploring and developing alternate nonconventional water sources such as desalination plants and the reuse of wastewater. These measures collectively propelled Gujarat towards a more sustainable and resilient water future.
MULTI-LAYERED ARRANGEMENT OF SURFACE WATER DISTRIBUTION: ENSURING SOURCE SUSTAINABILITY & WATER SECURITY
Gujarat’s innovative surface water distribution model encompasses a multi-layered approach strategically designed for source sustainability and fortified water security. The first layer involves the efficient use of the Narmada canal—the world’s longest concrete-lined canal—to transfer bulk water to Kachchh, Saurashtra, and North Gujarat, addressing immediate needs in high-need areas.
The second layer focuses on creating robust distribution infrastructure. The SAUNI scheme, dedicated to channeling surplus Narmada water, fills reservoirs in Saurashtra, while the Water Grid initiative ensures equitable water distribution across the state, creating a reliable water supply system, especially during summer. This comprehensive infrastructure stands as a testament to Gujarat’s commitment to a balanced and efficient water distribution system.
The third layer emphasises the distribution of water to villages and urban areas through regional water supply schemes, facilitated by the Jal Jeevan Mission and the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation. This approach not only meets the immediate demands of communities but also lays the groundwork for sustained access to clean water.
The fourth layer incorporates community-managed water supply schemes, facilitating last-mile connectivity and supply. By actively involving communities in water management, Gujarat strengthens the resilience of its water distribution system, fostering a sense of ownership and cooperation among local residents.
CLIMATE CHANGE RESILIENCE
Gujarat’s unwavering commitment to climate change resilience and environmental responsibility is prominently exemplified through its strategic diversification of water sources. Currently implementing five desalination plants along its coastline on a PPP mode, contributing 370 MLD, Gujarat is at the forefront of leveraging technology to combat the immediate impacts of climate change on freshwater availability. This proactive approach aims to leverage alternate water sources while reducing dependence on freshwater sources.
Looking forward, Gujarat’s vision extends to tapping into 2000 MLD water from non-conventional sources in the next 25 years, including expanding desalination plant capacity along the coast. This ambitious plan underscores the state’s foresight in adapting to evolving climate patterns and addressing the long-term challenges posed to freshwater sources.
PROMOTING CIRCULAR ECONOMY THROUGH REUSE OF WASTEWATER
In the context of the circular economy, the treatment and reuse of domestic, commercial sewage, and industrial effluent emerge as pivotal solutions. This not only combats water scarcity but also aligns economic growth with environmental preservation. Thus, the Government of Gujarat came up with a concrete plan, strategically unfolding – the “Reuse of Treated Wastewater Policy,” launched on May 28, 2018. The policy aims to maximise the collection and treatment of sewage generated, and reuse the treated wastewater on a sustainable basis, thereby reducing dependency on freshwater resources.
As outlined in the policy framework, the directive regarding the utilisation of treated wastewater emphasises the principle of substituting fresh water for specific purposes. The policy mandates the compulsory use of treated wastewater for nonpotable purposes by establishments such as Thermal Power Plants, Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) estates, industrial units in Special Investment Regions (SIR), industrial parks, and large industrial units. This requirement applies to entities located within a 50-kilometer radius from the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) or city limits, ensuring the widespread adoption of treated wastewater in the specified regions.
Today, 796 MLD wastewater is already being reused (i.e., around 18% of the total fresh water use in urban areas), additional 109 MLD of wastewater treatment plants are in the tender/ execution stage, and 790 MLD are in the planning stage. This would substitute the use of 1696 MLD of fresh water, thereby reducing the burden on fresh water sources. It should be noted that more than 5000 MLD sewage is generated in the state. The state envisions harnessing this substantial volume of wastewater, intending to utilise about 4000 MLD for industrial purposes through partnerships and irrigation. To tap into this reuse potential, the state is rapidly expanding wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure in the region.
Views expressed by – Gujarat Water Supply Sewerage Board (GWSSB)