The 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) held in Dubai from November 30 to December 13, 2023, marked a significant juncture in the global effort to address climate change. While the conference had its share of successes, especially in operationalizing the Loss and Damage Fund and adopting key agendas, it also faced challenges, particularly in negotiations around the Global Stocktake (GST).
THE GLOBAL STOCKTAKE (GST) AND FOSSIL FUEL TRANSITION
The GST at COP28 served as a crucial evaluation of collective progress on mitigation, adaptation, and means of implementation, aiming to inform countries as they prepare their next round of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) due in 2025. While the GST decision called on countries to contribute to global efforts in transitioning away from fossil fuels and phasing down unabated coal power, concerns were raised about the lack of a clear reference to fossil fuel phaseout, weak language on coal and methane, and loopholes related to “transitional fuels.” The outcome falls short of providing clear pathways for countries to incorporate into their 2025 NDCs, leaving some disappointed.
OTHER OUTCOMES OF COP28
The conference saw the adoption of the framework for the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA), outlining strategies to guide its implementation by 2030. Additionally, the consortium of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and the UN Office for Project Services was designated as the host of the Santiago Network on loss and damage. The launch of the work programme on just transition pathways was another significant development, emphasizing the importance of a smooth transition to a low-carbon economy.
URBANIZATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE
An essential focus of COP28 was the acknowledgment of the increasing urbanization globally and its implications for climate change. With 55% of the global population now living in urban areas and an expected rise to 68% by 2050, cities play a crucial role in achieving climate goals. A ministerial meeting on urbanization and climate change highlighted the need for inclusive governance, with city representatives and civil society organizations advocating for direct actions in cities.
THE URBAN IMPERATIVE
City representatives, including Rafal Trzaskowski, ENVE chair and Mayor of Warsaw, emphasized the need to formally recognize the role of subnational governments in global climate change negotiations. Calls were made for direct financing and technical assistance to cities and regions, recognizing their pivotal role in driving climate ambition, creating green jobs, reducing air pollution, and improving overall well-being. The push for multi-level green deal governance and revisions to energy and climate action regulations gained momentum, challenging traditional federal government authorities.
CHALLENGES IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH
Cities in the Global South face unique challenges, including vulnerability, lack of empowerment for city leaders, a predominant informal sector, and the urgency for adaptation to climate-induced disasters. Efforts to attract investments have widened the gap between the rich and the poor, with significant portions of the urban population residing in slums. To address these issues, a radical shift in governance processes, supported by a climate atlas and financial assistance from COP outcomes, is deemed necessary.
LOOKING AHEAD
COP28 may not have delivered a resounding statement on ending fossil fuels, but it triggered crucial discussions and set the stage for addressing urban challenges in climate action. The conference highlighted the intricate connections between climate action, social justice, and the pivotal role of cities. Moving forward, acknowledging the urban imperative and fostering inclusive governance at all levels will be essential to effectively combat climate change and achieve the ambitious goals set in the Paris Agreement.